Case Study : Employee Resoursing Essay

01. Executive Summery Country consumer Products Company is a company which need to market their newly developed baby soap ranges. Because of that they need to fill the vacancy of brand manger immediately. They advertised the vacancy without proper supervision and they prepared it in a hap hazard manner. From the limited applicants they selected one candidate to perform the job. To select the employee they conducted interviews hurriedly without paying much attention to the standard way of performing the interviews. After that they directly appoint newly recruited employee, Mr. Anton to perform the job. Mr. Anton missed the opportunity to get proper induction program from the company. Gradually he couldn’t perform the job up to the expected level and it cause to de-motivate the other employee. Due to the improper HR planning, absence of proper strategy to attract employees, improper recruitment, selection and induction Processes Company couldn’t recruit right person to the job. It also caused to lost revenue and orders for the particular product ranges. To overcome the above obstacles the company need to implement effective HR practises within the company. Through proper HR planning, proper recruitment, selection and Induction Company can attract most suitable employee to the company. As a solution for the current situation of the company, they can extend the probation period of Mr. Anton or terminate his job and recruit new employee for the post f brand manager. Both opportunities have their own advantages and disadvantages. In the light of considering the above case its better if they can extend the probation period of Mr. Anton. It will provide long term benefits to the company and it will protect the goodwill of the company. 02. Issues involved in the case In the light of considering the case of Country Consumer Products Company following issues can identify from the case. * Having wrong candidate for the organization Country consumer Product Company needed an employee who has enough competencies to meet the goals and objectives of newly introduced baby soap ranges. It was a huge responsibility for the employee because the products are new to the market and need more promotions to market the product in a competitive environment. But the company lost many orders and they had to bear huge cost because of the wrong decisions on the recruitment of the brand manager. Due to the improper planning the organisation couldn’t find the right fit to the organisation. There is an old saying that â€Å"one dirty fish pollutes the entire pond†. Automatically these failures expand to the other employees and it causes to the de-motivated the other employees. * Not having proper strategy to attract right people From the inception of the decision of the recruitment of the new employee the company acts in a wrong way. It means the company couldn’t attract the most suitable candidates with the relevant qualifications, Expertises and skills. The company couldn’t attract to most suitable employee. Due to the improper selection of advertising Sources [weekday news paper] and lack of advertising skills missed necessary information which should be the advertisement of brand manager. Because of that company failed match the human recourses with the objectives of the company. * Not having proper recruitment process to select right candidate Country consumer Product Company did not handle the proper way to search for prospective employees and they did not simulate them to apply for jobs. In the recruitment process they did not select the right recruitment source. They did advertising in a improper method [week days] and they developed in a hurriedly and sent directly to the news paper office therefore they missed necessary parts of a slandered advertisement due to the above reasons they had only restricted choices and they couldn’t absorb the right blood to the organisation. In absence of the standard selection process, limited the possibility to select the right applicant. * Not having proper induction and placement Country Consumer Company did not placed Mr. Anton in a suitable job. They just thought on the suitability of the individual to the job and they did not think on the suitability of the job to the individual. Due to that Mr. Anton was not competent enough to perform the job. He always depend subordinates and there were no proper guidance for the branding team. Also Mr. Anton missed the opportunity to get proper induction which can identify the surrounding of the practices, policies and the purposes of the organization. Because of the hurry of the company they directly appoint Mr.Anton to perform the job. Due to the improper induction and placement the company couldn’t get the maximum benefit from the particular employee. * De-motivated and frustrated employees due to the poor HR practices The company couldn’t get right employee for the place of brand manager for newly introduced baby soap ranges Due to the improper HR planning, recruitment, selection and placement. In the absence of proper guidance, employees who were under the supervision of Mr.Anton had frustrated minds. Because in the beginning they had more orders but gradually they had lost them and couldn’t achieve the given targets. Therefore it caused to decrease the motivation among the employees. 03. Recommendations to overcome the obstacles To overcome the above issues following recommendations can be used as the alternative solutions to this case. * Integrating HR planning with goals and objectives of the organization Country consumer products Company should determine the requirement of human recourse to achieve its strategic goals of the company. Company should identify the right people with the proper skills and have to motivate them to achieve higher performance. Company can automatically achieve the goals and the objectives through people. Also it needs to create interactive links between business objectives and people planning activities. * Establish and develop strategies to attract employees to the organization Employees are assets for an organization. Therefore company should attract right candidate with proper qualifications and expertise. To attract right candidate for the company, first they should analyze the job to identify the requirements of the job of brand manager. It gives a solid basis for job related employment decisions. After the job analysis HR department need to prepare the job specification and the job description. Job description describes the details of the job of a brand manager, reporting relationships, overall objectives, main activities and tasks. Through the job specification the company can convey what kind of characteristics that are needed to perform the job of brand manager. Through job analysis the company can attract the right blood among pool of people. * Establish recruitment and selection procedure which help to hire the right person HR department of the company needs to establish proper process to search prospective employees. First there should be an effective HR department within the company and they should analyze the future and current human requirement. Through the job analysis, job specification and the job description should be developed. Then it should send to the relevant department heads to the confirmation. For need of brand manager it should send to the head of the marketing department. It will allow the company to confirm the information under the supervision of the authorised party. For the above post company can select advertising, Employment agencies, secondments etc. to select people. Advertisement should be properly developed and should contain essential information. To advertise the job can use week end news paper or commonly use media. Finally it needs to assess the effectiveness of the recruitment process. * Establish proper induction and selection procedure To select the qualified personal company should follow well managed selection process. For that they can conduct interviews, examinations and referral checking etc. For the immediate post of brand manager, interviews can conduct to identify the suitability of the employee to the job. Interviews should well-planned and there should be qualified interview panel including the head of marketing department. There should be Fair evaluation criteria and every candidate should have equalant chance to be select. Through a proper selection company can select best among the good. Also it must be a mandatory requirement to have 1 month induction programme for the all new employees. Because of that they can familiar to the company environment. * Implement proper HR planning process in order to get right people to the current and requirements of the organization The success of country consumer Products Company is directly linked to the performance of those who work for that business. Underachievement can be a result of workplace failures. Because hiring the wrong people or failing to anticipate fluctuations in hiring needs can be costly, it is important that the company put effort into human resource planning. Planning for HR needs will help to ensure the employees have the skills and competencies which the business needs to succeed. A HR plan works hand in hand with the business plan to determine the resources which need to achieve the business’s goals. It will better prepare for staff turnover, recruitment, and strategic hiring and alleviate stress when the company have emergency (last-minute hiring needs). Not only for the country consumer Products Company but also have every organization needed to have a proper HR planning process. Because it provides quality workforce, Reduces labour costs, Facilitates rise in skills, Effective motivation, Safety of health. 04. Conclusion Country consumers Product Company failed to achieve their sales target and goals of the organisation due to their improper HR practices poor HR plantings selection of unsuitable recruiting sources and absence of proper selection and induction made the sales drop. Because of that they had restrict choice to select the suitable candidates for the company. However they selected Mr. Anton as their brand manager. Gradually Mr. Anton couldn’t achieve the objectives and frustrated about the job. That course to de-motive other employees too. As a result of that the company have two options regarding the Mr. Anton. First one is to extend his production period. Without taking him directly as a permanent employee they can hold under the production period. Because of that Mr. Anton can understand the surroundings of the organisation and he can understand department processes structure and system of the company. Through working on the job he can directly get an idea about with his responsibilities and duties, who are their clients and customers. How to perform a team work, how he have to provide the guidance to the team through the training he will perform better. Also Mr. Anton can motivate himself and it cause to increase the confidence to perform the job. Apart from that above advantages the company has to bear extra lost to train him again. It will get more time and automatically it will cause to reduce their revenges. The second option is to terminate the job of the Mr. Anton due to the poor performance. If they terminate Mr. Anton they need to recruit another employee by the following proper HR practices. They can get the most suitable employee among the qualified people. But they need to bear huge cost including leaving cost of Mr. Anton. To recruit another employee they need bear opportunity cost of recruiting, selecting and training of the particular employee. Also there is a huge possibility to engage with the labour department activities, If Mr. Anton file a case on there. Also Mr. Anton will recommend the company as an unhealthy company for an employee and it will create a bad image with in the market Therefore considering all the disadvantages and advantages the company should select a better option whether to terminate Mr. Anton or extend his probation period. 05. Implementation According the point of my view if the company can extend the probation period of the Mr. Anton it will provide more benefits to the company and to the Mr. Anton. Through proper training and a proper induction Mr. Anton will perform his job in a high level. First the company should have to give an introduction about the organisation, department structure and the processes. Through this he can get the idea of the full picture of the company. For this company can use past annual reports, product manual, websites and etc. One authorised party [marketing manager] can arrange a small company visit and identify the process physically and to identify the other top, middle and lower level employees. This practically causes to increase the confidence level of the Mr. Anton. After the introduction the company can assign little responsibility to Mr. Anton to work on it. There should be a proper guidelines and a continuous supervision on Mr. Anton through this Mr. Anton can learn how the job shou ld be. Perform and with the direct responsibilities of him. He should be advised how to guide a team to achieve the targets. If the Mr.Anton needs more educational qualifications company can sponsor him to get further education. To cost of the training company need to well plan the training program from the beginning to end. On the job training can reduce the cost of training. Because he learns when work. It save the also. Step by step Mr.Anton will perform better and better. It will protect the image of the company, cost and the time. Also company’s Human Resource department need to be more focus on HR practices. They need to plan the HR requirements and need to adjust all the other recruitment and the selection processes to get the most suitable candidates for the job. They need to concentrate to gain fresh, innovative, competitive blood to the company. Furthermore company need to assess the performances of the Mr. Anton and need to check whether there is a performance gap. To assess the performance in the probation period company need to record all positive and negative achievements created by the Mr.Anton. Apart from terminate the job of Mr.Anton, extending the probation period increases the confidence level and the mental strengths of him. It will provide long term benefits and will protect the goodwill of the company.

Florida Shrimp Industry Analysis Essay

What if it were logical and profitable to merge two of the fastest growing shrimp industries in the United States today? That is exactly the idea behind â€Å"bait shrimp production†, the latest development in the combined evolution of the valuable live bait shrimp industry and the continual growth arena of aquaculture. Farm-raised bait shrimp is a very appropriate combination of the two businesses; both have a historical development in Florida for over forty years. Florida has been proclaimed the â€Å"Fishing Capital of the World† with its 1,197 statute miles of coastline hosting 3.4 million anglers annually. The statistics regarding the recreational fishing industry in Florida are astounding. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) reports: †¢The economic value of recreational fishing to Florida is $7.0 billion and supports 75,000 jobs. †¢Recreational fishing is the second largest sports industry in Florida with over 700 world-record fish caught. Live bait shrimp is the nucleus around which evolves Florida’s saltwater sport and recreational fishing. It is the preferred bait for fishing near shore species such as snook, sea trout, redfish, snapper, cobia and mackerel. The business of catching and supplying live bait shrimp began with a few individuals supplying themselves, and a few bait shops in the 1950’s to becoming a multi-million dollar industry with exports throughout the Southeast United States. This growth is a testimony to the pre-eminence of shrimp as the most popular live bait among saltwater anglers in Southeast United States. The message is clear — the recreational/sport fishing industry and live bait shrimp are well established in Florida. And their popularity is growing amongst the14 million people (75% living within 10 miles of the coast) and the 40 million tourists who visit each year. Commercial fishermen currently supplying 100% of the bait shrimp market experiences regulatory restrictions, seasonal declines in wild stocks, and unreliable labor causing unpredictable shortages and as such are unable to meet the increase in the market demands. The FWC and Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer service reports: †¢As the tourist and recreational fishing industry continues to increase in Florida so will the bait shrimp business. †¢Fishermen love to use live bait shrimp and retailers are always running out of bait before they run out of customers. †¢The retailer wants consistent deliveries of bait shrimp in numbers that will keep the customers walking through the door of their shop †¢Although the fishing effort has increased 50% over the past ten years, the live bait harvesters cannot meet the market demands. This increase in demand without an increase in supplies has resulted in an extremely high dollar value of live bait. This increase in demand, low supply and high dollar value has attracted the attention of shrimp producers. Now for the other half of the combination — shrimp aquaculture. As the demand for live bait shrimp has expanded without an increase in supplies, the inevitable has begun to take place — culturing Florida’s endemic penaeids for bait size shrimp using hatchery and production technologies developed for other economically important penaeids. Wholesale distributors cannot get adequate supply of bait shrimp certain times; retailers are forced to accept inaccurate counts and variable sizes of wild bait, which they will loose almost 30% in mortalities during the course of the day. Retailers cannot consistently provide the customer with the desired size and often sell â€Å"mixes†. Fishermen are reliant on the seasonal migration, molting periods and life cycles of the natural population; as such they cannot guarantee quality or volume. Shrimp spawn in April/May releasing eggs that move with the tides and currents into estuaries, where they spend their postlarval and juvenile stages before migrating back to deeper waters. Bait size shrimp are virtually impossible to harvest in June, July, and August due to this natural life cycle; and are in short supply September through December. It is the winter months January through April that suppliers, wholesalers and retailers can experience marketable size bait shrimp. However, even during this time period, harvesting of small animals causes immediate stress and holding them in â€Å"live† haul tanks for long distance deliveries results in high mortalities. Enter the growth industry, Aquaculture, dedicated to providing consumers what they need – healthy, quality seafood and aquatic products at market prices. The inability of the fishermen to provide year round live bait shrimp, there is a significant gap supplies. From this lack of product will grow the combination of live bait shrimp and aquaculture— Live Bait, Inc. Live Bait, Inc. will produce bait shrimp is at high densities in enclosed facilities equipped with multi-phase, recirculating systems. Bait size shrimp will be cultured to three variable sizes, (8,10, and 12 grams) to provide the retailer with desired â€Å"mixes†. Bait shrimp production facilities, unlike shrimp boats, can be located through out Florida in high value areas that support a large volume of recreational fishing and tourism. Live Bait, Inc. will focus on providing existing market channels with high quality bait at market prices, in a consistent and reliable manner through out the year. The first bait shrimp production facility is said to have been an offshoot of a Texas A&M project developing production systems for Gulf of Mexico endemic shrimp. The species of choice for this area are brown shrimp (F. aztecus) and it is believed that the company, although small scale, Lone Star Fishery, is experiencing continued success. There is a tremendous interest amongst fishermen and wholesale dealers in developing culture systems for bait shrimp. However, once they realize the capital investment and risk involved, they become interested in buying from Live Bait, Inc. The market for live bait shrimp is continuing to grow, especially during the summer when local residents and tourists target inshore species. This year-round demand, unreliable supplies and high dollar value ensures a continued market for this commodity. Industry Participants There are several groups of industry participants, which must come together in order for Live Bait, Inc. to function well. 1.Wholesale Dealers. Everything begins and ends with this customer. Wholesale distributors have established marketing channels and will be buying directly from the production centers. Each production center must first identify the base of the wholesaler from which the high volume, high value business will be drawn. Their attitudes, needs and abilities must be the genesis of each decision in designing the size and location of production facilities. 2.The Nuclear Breeding Center. For long-term sustainable production and the Florida Department of Aquaculture’s support and sanctions; it is imperative that a breeding program for F. duorarum be established from the beginning. Experience has proven the necessity of SPF stocks in minimizing the incidents of diseases and animal stress from high density, mass production. 3.. For Live Bait, Inc to produce, cost-effective, quality bait shrimp it needs outstanding seedstock. Large numbers of seedstock at affordable prices will needed, on a weekly basis in order to maintain the sequential stocking required by multi-phase systems. 4.Management/Production Team. This is the triangulation point where it all comes together. The team must identify the best locations; design the most cost effective facilities and production systems, produce shrimp using state-of-the-science technologies to provide high quality bait shrimp available for daily pickup. Who are the individuals or groups that are likely customers of farm raised live bait shrimp? Fortunately, there are some marketing surveys that have been conducted Florida state agencies, the US Department of Commerce and Mariculture, Inc. that can provide some answers even in this new concept. The target market for Live Bait, Inc. is the wholesale dealer/distributor, who currently is supplied 100% by the bait shrimp fishery. Currently, wholesale dealers either buy dockside from shrimpers and/or they use their own boats. As such they are located within close proximities of bait shrimping boats and not necessarily in the high value tourist areas. Each GLB’s locations will develop its facility, production numbers, sizes and services around the target audience –wholesalers. GLB will target several distinct groups: 1.Wholesalers, which fit the basic demographic characteristics of supplying retailers from great distances. These will be wholesalers who either buy dockside from shrimpers and/or they use their own boats. As such they are located within close proximities of bait shrimping boats, which are in five major regions: Hernando (Citrus, Hernando, Pasco, Pinellas and Manatee) with 47% of total bait shrimp landings; Pine Island (Lee County) with 33% of total bait shrimp landings, Biscayne Bay (Dade and Monroe Counties) with 18% of total bait shrimp landings and Jacksonville (Fernandina Beach) with 2% total bait shrimp landings. Wholesalers will truck live bait shrimp 220 miles from Homosassa to Naples or from Miami, which is 107 miles. Wholesalers from these regions supplying the North-Central East Coast, the Keys and Panhandle will be targeted. 2.Wholesalers who supply retailers dealing in large volumes. For example marinas that sell 275,000 – 300,000 or more bait per day during the winter months and 65,000 – 80,000 per day during the summer months. Volume in these areas severely restricted due short supplies and distance from suppliers. Retailers claim they could sell up to 300% more, if the supply were available. Wholesalers supplying large marinas, high-end fishing piers located in metropolitan areas, and retail bait/tackle stores that promote popular sport fishing tournaments will be targeted. 3.Wholesalers who supply high dollar bait to retailers located in areas support high value recreational/sport fishing and tourism. Wholesale prices for live bait vary considerably with location. For example prices in Pine Island will run $30/1,000 shrimp while in Marco Island and Naples, which is just south of Pine Island, will have prices up to $70/1,000. Wholesalers who supply retailers who are willing to pay the higher market price will be targeted. 4. Wholesalers who are receptive of farm-raised bait and will promote the product among retailers. Currently, an overwhelming majority of retailers accept the idea of farm-raised bait. Most are willing to pay between 50-100% above current prices for farm raised bait as long as the supply is consistent and reliable. Wholesalers who are willing to promote our product, pay premium prices for premium farm raised bait shrimp will be targeted. 5.Wholesalers who are either currently exporting to neighboring states, or who would like to export to other states. Florida Bait shrimp wholesalers export live bait nine months out of the year to different neighboring states. Currently they supply 60% of the Alabama Market, 20% of the South Carolina and 50% of the Georgia market. Wholesalers exporting to other states will be targeted. 6.Bait Brokers dealing in frozen bait are currently importing small frozen shrimp that are severely damaged from outside the United States. The shrimp exotic species, which may or may not be infected with viral diseases. These brokers currently cannot meet the needs of their large contracts such as those with Wal-Mart and Publix. Process them, as most of the brokers also have processing plants. 7.Wholesalers who are supplying retailers whose customers would prefer farm raised bait over wild bait for ecological and environmental reasons. These six primary target groups provide fertile ground for GLB to become a profitable operation within the first year of production. In fact, GLB will become the top producer of farm-raised bait for Florida and the entire southeast coastal corridors. Live Bait, Inc. production centers will be established in key locations through out Florida. The marinas, retail bait shops, bait and tackle shops within a thirty-mile radius will match the demographic target profile – high volume, high market price, pro-farm raised bait, easy assess to interstate highways and are being supplied by wholesalers from great distances. A marketing survey conducted by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service’s, Bureau of Seafood and Aquaculture Marketing has documented annual landings (harvests), volumes of bait sold by retailers, wholesale/retail prices, peak seasonal demands and months of supply shortages. Major harvesting areas are divided Hernando Regions (Citrus, Hernando, Pasco, Pinellas and Manatee) with 47% of total bait shrimp landings; Pine Island (Lee County) with 33% of total bait shrimp landings, Biscayne Bay (Dade and Monroe Counties) with 18% of total bait shrimp landings and Jacksonville (Fernandina Beach) with 2% total bait shrimp landings. Annual Landings report to Florida’s Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission by licensed bait shrimpers in 2000 was 2.46 million pounds (246 million bait size shrimp using a 100/1b count). This is 50% above the reported landings for 1991 of 1.23 million pounds 123 million bait size shrimp using a 100/lb count). Fishery managers feel the harvest numbers are under-reported on trip tickets. And since live bait shrimp is a cash industry sales are not accurately reported. Also not all shrimp caught as live bait is sold as live bait, there are high mortality rates associated with harvesting, holding and transporting. Larger shrimp will often be culled and sold as food. It is likely that the farm production needed to supply current markets will have to be 50% above reported landings to approximately 3.69 million pounds (369 million bait size shrimp using a 100/lb count).

Orwell and Swift

One of the techniques they have common is that both of them are using satire. After comparing Orwell and Swift essay, I believe that Swift uses satire more effectively than Orwell does. At first, Swift uses his title more effectively than Orwell. Second Swifts statements which Is eating Infants for saving Ireland has more Impact than Rowel's statement. Thirdly, Swift essay drips with sarcasm by using many metaphors. First of all, the title of Swifts essay immediately demonstrates irony.The essay title â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is very ironic as he describes his own essay as ‘modest', though his opinion includes strong message for government of Ireland. Using irony in his title makes his proposal stronger and more sarcastically. From this title, at first the redder thinks his proposal might be a general proposal as usual politicians. However, after finished reading his essay, we realize that his theories of the essay is very grotesque and shocking even though he describes his observations about the nation reasonably.His statement has many twist, so it gives us big impression. For example, he states that â€Å"l shall now therefore humbly propose my own thought† (3) After this sentence, he begins to write about eating baby which Is difficult to Imagine from his tattle ‘Modest'. On the other hand, Orwell doesn't use Irony In his title. The reader easily guesses that he will talk about Politic and English from his title â€Å"Politics and the English Language†. Second, Swifts statement which is eating infants has more impact than Rowel's statements.For instant, Swift says that â€Å"l have no children by which I an propose to get a single penny; the youngest being nine years old, and my wife past child-bearing†(7). It makes the whole sentence becomes more sarcastically . Because His theory is shocking to most readers as most people can relate to having children or knowing someone who has offspring. However, from his final sent ence, we can understand that he is not emotionally involved to this theory or solution. This sentence implies that â€Å"I'm not emotionally Involves to my theory, so let's eat children and save Ireland.Swift uses irony as much as possible until the very end of his essay. In contrast, Orwell use of Irony Is less obvious than Swifts essay. In his theory, he suggests not to use metaphor, sleep, or other techniques which we are used to seeing in print. However, he makes use of metaphors and similes in his own essay. He even admits that fact in his essay. For instant, Orwell states that â€Å"l have again and again committed the very faults I am protesting against† (8). From this sentence we can realize that he even admits to using technique which he courage's to use and it emphasizes the irony in the article.However, this ironic statement doesn't have enough impact to reader, and it is hard to understand what is the core message he is trying to say from this sentence. Thirdly, Swift essay drips with sarcasm by using many metaphors. He describes a baby as food or pig and also describes wives as foal companions. For example, he says that â€Å"young healthy child well nursed Is at a year old a most delouses, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or bold;† (3) It makes us easier to Imagine what he Is liking about and gives us more Impact than sentence without metaphor. Sing metaphor to describe his theory makes his theory more sarcasm. In contrast, Orwell doesn't use many metaphors In Nils essay. So, It Is Doolittle Imagine Tanat want nee Is trying to say until the end of his essay. His theory is too detached tone. In conclusion, after compared Orwell and Swift essay, I believe that Swift essay has more impact and uses satire more powerfully than Orwell does. At first, Swifts title has more influence than Rowel's one. Secondly, Swifts statement which is eating baby gives us bigger impression than Rowel's statement.

ANALYSIS OF ADVERTISEMENT FEATURING WOMEN Assignment

ANALYSIS OF ADVERTISEMENT FEATURING WOMEN - Assignment Example Moreover, the purpose of advert on the ebay website is to let the audience comprehend of the great offer in the reduction of the price of the Black Velvet Whiskey. The advert on ebay is enhancing the buying of Black Velvet Canadian Whiskey even beyond the boundaries of Canada at a cheaper price than the usual normal rates. The advert looks appealing to the intended audience by inclusion of a beautiful woman in the advertisement to enhance the description picture in the mind of the audiences and entice the audience to buy the Black Velvet Whiskey The woman in the Black Velvet Canadian Whiskey in ebay website body is position to lie on a smooth Black velvet surface. Moreover, the woman is looking at the screen since the message is mainly to the audience to enhance the magnitude of the advertisement to the audience. The woman in the advert is wearing a beautiful black dress that resembles the velvet surface and the black dress is bear at the back. Moreover, the black accessories on the hand and ears add on the message of the advert, which is to simplify and make more people purchase the Black Velvet Whiskey. Therefore, Black Velvet Whiskey is one of the adverts that depict women as pure objects. In this advert, the woman is used to attract men’s attention to buy the Black Velvet Canadian Whiskey. The intention of the advert is to use the woman’s sexuality to sell the product.... Therefore, the purpose of the advert is for the company to get more men to buy their car parts. The advert becomes appealing to male audiences through using naked women in displaying the different parts in an automotive to attract more men to the company’s product. In the advert women have different postures where some are nakedly sitting on the car, others beside the automotive parts of the car while others lying on the ground. Some of the women are wearing undergarments that include bra and bikini while others covering a portion of their body with wool. Moreover, looking at the men featured in advert, all of them are fully dressed. Therefore, the advert use women sexuality to entice men into buying the car parts from the company hence, portraying women as just objects that only deserve to look at by men. Since, the purpose of the advert is to woo men in buying car automotive products, women posing naked in advert undermine the value of women in the society. Thus, the advert weakens the ability of women to be their own subject because their sexuality could only be used to the advantage of the automotive company. Hence, considering men in advert are not posing naked, this only mean women the advert relates women to pure objects, stripping off women their respects. Winter Fashion Collection Advert The H&M website featured women in advertising the women clothes, which are in fashion. The intended audiences in advertisement are women who are keen on the changing fashion trends. This is because the advertisements have different types of women trendy clothes such as jackets, trousers, tops, and scarfs. Moreover, the advertisement is trying to sell fashion trend clothes needed by women during winter clothes. The

Discussion on the working capital policies of companies Term Paper

Discussion on the working capital policies of companies - Term Paper Example These four capital budgeting techniques have been discussed in details in Part-A. This study would assist the junior staff members of MyCompany Plc and would also increase the performance of the company. Capital Budgeting Investment judgments, dividend and financing are critical areas of financial management which needs to be addressed by any organization like that of MyCompany Plc The primary goal or objective of a profit making company like MyCompany Plc is to maximize the wealth of its shareholders. The decisions related to financing refer to the development of an optimal capital structure of the business firm (Clayman, Fridson, and Troughton, 2012, Capital Budgeting). Dividend decision includes the ways in which the profits generated by the business firm are distributed to its shareholders. Lastly, investment decisions refer to the means by which funds are raised by the organizations which are utilized in various operational activities performed by the firm so as to achieve the o verall objective of the business firm (Clayman, Fridson, and Troughton, 2012, Introduction). The organizations are involved in activities which require investments in different types of assets characterized as being both long term and short term. Capital budgeting primarily deals with investments made by the companies which are long term in nature and in larger volumes. These long term investments made by the firms would help in the determination of the strategic position of the firm in future. It has a considerable effect on the cash flows generated by the firm in future. All these facts imply that decisions regarding capital budgeting taken up by firms have an impact which persists for a long term and it is critical to the failure or success of a business firm like MyCompany Plc (Dayananda, 2002, p.1). Capital Budgeting Techniques There are different capital budgeting techniques which are employed by business firms universally. The four capital budgeting techniques have been descr ibed in details here. All of the capital budgeting techniques would help the financial manager of the company to choose the best project and suitable for the firm to invest. There are certain factors which are analyzed before taking the decision, for which the capital budgeting tools are used. They are: a) Generating the cash flows, b) Risk associated with the cash flows generated by the firm in future, and c) The calculated worth of the cash flows which also involved the uncertainties of future (Peterson, & Fabozzi, 2002, p.57). The capital budgeting techniques described here are explained with the help of numerical examples. The projects have been named as Project 1 and Project 2. Both the projects are considered to be mutually exclusive to each other and only one project can be selected out of the two by the company management. Other assumption related to the projects is that both of the projects have a five year lifetime. The initial cash outflow in the year zero is considered t o be ?100,000 for both the projects. Moreover both the projects a

The importance of living healthy Research Paper

The importance of living healthy - Research Paper Example The diet that one consumes plays a significant role in ensuring healthy living in that certain diet contain substances that assist the promotion of health, as in the case for Mediterranean diets that are found to be a healthier than diets supplemented by additives to ensure that they are healthy (Healy). In this case, living healthy focuses on the issue of nutrition and the diet, that one follows and how well one eats. Therefore, living healthy does not necessarily mean that one eats based on limiting his or her nutritional intake, but is instead based on the consumption of naturally balanced foods that do not require modification in order to meet the nutritional needs of an individual. This is further shown by Mediterranean diets that have been proven to be way healthier as compared to conventional foods taken by diet fanatics. This is because studies show that people consuming diets low in fat do not necessarily mean that one’s diet is healthy; as they were found to be more at risk of heart disease and stroke as compared to those having natural foods as found in the Mediterranean foods (Healy). However, healthy living in terms of dietary intake reveals the need to consume certain foods in moderation, and others as if one’s life depended on it such as fatty fish for constant nutrition and avoidance of red meat. This means that low-fat diets are not beneficial for healthy living, but consumption of fruits and vegetables, as well as lean meats leads to healthy living in regard to nutrition and it has less risk to certain health complications such as strokes and heart attacks. In addition, healthy living in nutrition facilitates the body to be more responsive in relation to one’s physiology in cases of inflammation and insulin insensitivity. This is because a healthy diet contributes to a healthy body that is able to regulate its processes and prevent cardiovascular disease (Dray). Therefore, adding oats in nutrition that are rich in fiber se rves to create a feeling of satisfaction throughout the day, which translates to reduced intake of unhealthy foods. In addition, oats increase the rate of metabolism in the body creating an environment conducive for the burning of fat leading to a healthy body with enhanced aesthetics. This is also as seen in the case of adding avocadoes in the diet, whereby they provide fats to the body in an unsaturated form, which is important in creating a â€Å"quiet hunger†. The quiet hunger is relevant in metabolizing belly fat and providing protein, as well as fiber to the body lading to enhanced health and reduced susceptibility to diseases. In addition, healthy living based on nutrition eliminates vulnerability to certain conditions that have no cure, but are preventable such as cancer. This is evident by consuming foods with broccoli as it has preventive properties against cancer, which cuts back on one’s quality of life (Klein 33). In order to ensure healthy living, it is i mportant to consider exercise, which serves to prolong human life and exercise, just like nutrition, does not mean heavy exercise or one that is prescribed (Thornton and Brunton 12). Instead, it refers to living in an environment that beats conventional convenience, which means that one is pushed towards physical activity by his or her needs in order to run errands that

The Impact of NAFTA and ASEAN on Globalization Research Paper

The Impact of NAFTA and ASEAN on Globalization - Research Paper Example This paper discusses the impact of two of the known trading blocs, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on globalization. NAFTA and Globalization NAFTA includes Mexico, Canada, and the United States. It is the biggest free trade zone in the world in terms of gross domestic product (GDP). In 1992, Mexican President Salinas, Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and U.S President George Bush ratified the treaty. It was immediately implemented on the 1st of January 1994 (Hing, 2010). The idea of NAFTA is to encourage economic progress by facilitating the flow of products and services between the member countries. Trade relations among the member countries have widened significantly since the completion of NAFTA (Lederman, Maloney & Serven, 2005), although scholars differ over the level to which this growth is an immediate outcome of the agreement. As shown in the report of the U.S Trade Representative (USTR), the primary re presentative of the United States in foreign trade and an important motivator of free trade agreements, the general trade value within North America has substantially increased since the initiation of the accord. Regional business investment in the United States, still according to USTR, increased 117% in 15 years, from 1993 to 2007, in comparison to a 45% increase in the previous 14 years (Teslik, 2009, para 2). Trade with the associates of NAFTA currently comprises at least 80% of Mexican and Canadian trade, as well as of U.S trade. As stated by Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey Schott (Teslik, 2009, para 3), â€Å"It has worked. North American firms are now more efficient and productive. They have restructured to take advantage of economies of scale in production and intra-industry specialization.† C. Parr Rosson III and associates emphasize that the notion of trade blocs is quite fresh in North America, yet claims that comparable agreements in other parts of the world have demonstrated steady gains when analyzed from a long-term point of view. The authors identify various types of ‘preferential trading arrangements’ (Teslik, 2009, para 4), from restricted economic and customs unions to more free trade agreements such as NAFTA, which have been thriving in Europe. The paper, mentioned in the article of Teslik (2009), stresses that preferential trading agreements can in fact make trade temporary and can bring about disorders in the labor market that are quite unfavorable to a number of laborers, yet can be assumed to have important enduring gains as well. Representatives of the three members of NAFTA have suggested an eagerness and/or plan to broaden NAFTA. This move would be both logical economics and wise foreign policy. The broadening of NAFTA membership into a free trade bloc in the Western hemisphere would prevent the detrimental repercussions of NAFTA and improve the ability of trade growth to encourage economic progress in the region (Caulfield, 2009). At present, there are four settings for enlarging NAFTA (Bernal, 1994, 30): (1) complete accession of other nations through a section in the current NAFTA accord; (2) employing a ‘hub and spoke’ system to add more trading allies to the United States; (3) Mexico or Canada separately, integrating several lesser regional trading unions into NAFTA; or (4) slowly expanding the trading rights of NAFTA to lesser nations without

The topic can be proposed by the writer Movie Review - 1

The topic can be proposed by the writer - Movie Review Example Told from the stories and recollections of the people who experienced the revolution, the film depicts the tragic turn of events from an initial noble intention to create an equal society, to the creation of a starving and perishing society, through the introduction of the Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward initiatives (Williams, n.p.). These reforms caused the starvation of the majority of the Chinese rural population at the time, resulting to the death of approximately 30 million people. The brutality with which the processes of collective agriculture and rural industrialization were introduced, further served to disorient the already capitalist tendencies of the traditional Chinese population, while resulting in the dispossession of lands and property for the initial landowners. In this respect, the Chinese revolution in the periods spanning 1949-1962 served to create more poverty for the country and its people. This necessitated a change of strategy towards partial acceptance of some concepts of capitalism, which saw the Chinese economy start recovering from the initial depression brought about by the revolution (Williams, n.p.). Nevertheless, the most notable transformation of the period 1949-1976 in China is the transformed gender role for women. It is during this period that the undermined rights of women both domestically and politically started being recognized, with women gaining full political democratic rights. Additionally, the foreign policy of China, especially regarding its relations with the USA and the rest of the capitalist western world was shaped (Williams, n.p.). Thus, the Chinese involvement in the Korean War was as a result of forging its new identity as a communist nation that was opposed to the capitalist intrusion of its neighbors. Thus, the negative implications of the Mao Years revolution have been effectively demonstrated in the film. The film has

Project closurecompleted projects vs. terminated projects Assignment

Project closurecompleted projects vs. terminated projects - Assignment Example Closing. The project work has been completed within schedule, budget and performance parameters identified during the planning phase and the project has met its end objectives. This is also unknown as Natural Closure. A project may end prematurely because either it has not met its end objectives or is expected to fail. Another reason for closing the project could be that it is no longer aligned with corporate strategy. Termination by Extinction. The project ends prematurely because it did not meet its end objectives or was expected to fail. Another special case is referred to as â€Å"termination by murder† where the project ends suddenly due to political or accidental reasons. Termination by Integration. This is the most common and most complex method of dealing with successful projects. In this case, the output and resources of the project are distributed among the existing units of the parent organization. Termination by Starvation. This is termination of the project through budget decrements. There may be several reasons from perspective of senior management, political implications to obsolescence of the project output that may cause reduction in project budget. Procedure for closing a terminated project is similar to that of closing a successful project as it follows the same administrative closure procedure and contract closure procedure. Archibald (2003) suggest checklists as a preferred tool for terminating the project. Kerzner and Thamhain (1986) advocated listing of activities for contract administration, marketing and finance management to review process for project closing. Below is a sample check list proposed by Meredith and Mantel (1995) for terminating a project. Project closure refers to completion of all the activities across the project. This involves the procedures for verifying and documenting the project deliverables. The

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness Essay - 11

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness - Essay Example The paper intends to analyse the impact of globalisation and technological changes on Apple Inc. Industrial organization model and resource-based model will be used to determine how Apple Inc. can earn beyond its average returns. In addition, the paper will also assess the vision and mission statement of the company that has influenced its overall success. Moreover, each category of stakeholders will be evaluated in order to analyse its impact on the overall success achieved by Apple. Globalisation has been ever-persisting in the contemporary business scenario which has influenced the business operations of various companies. In this regard, it is considered that globalisation has impacted the products and services produced by Apple Inc. wherein it has been developing products that are quite competitive in the globalised market. Apple has adopted forceful price cutting which has reduced its gross profit margin on each product. Apple has been frequently launching new products in the market with undersized product life cycle along with developing industrial standards. Consequently, it has been revealed that globalisation has helped the company to improve its product characteristics along with making it to adopt new technologies that have resulted in product advancements and price sensitivity in its products (Apple Inc., 2013). Technological changes on the other hand have impacted the overall business operations of Apple due to which it has been developing innovative products in the market. Apple has developed a set of unique designs for its products through effective use of advanced technologies. This uniqueness has been witnessed in terms of software applications, operating systems and other services related to the products. It is worth mentioning that the competitive advantage of Apple Inc. in the global market has been highly impacted as competitors using these

Human factors in aviation accidents Essay Example for Free

Human factors in aviation accidents Essay As a result of researches that recognized the existence of human factors in error management, the aviation industry also began to take initiatives to reformat aviation organisations. The aviation industry shifted to a more open culture that valued communication and at the same time recognized that human error will always be present but through time and more advanced studies can be reduced further (Sexton, Thomas Helmreich, 2000). Almost all aspects have been looked into. Selection and training processes were raised to a different level. While technical skills were highly valued before, they have been found to be inadequate in dealing with safety concerns. Selection of aircrew now includes processes that determine their ability to learn from errors and to become team players. There also has been a new approach for training – not only the pilots, but the entire crew is trained. There are also a mounting number of interventions that are being tested for their effectivity to modify behavioral patterns that could injure a system’s safety. Because crew resource management (CRM) failure is implicated in most aircraft accidents, CRM training programs, which began as a part of a National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA] program in 1979, began to be widely received by aviation organisations. Now on its 5th generation, CRM trainings for the crew have been conducted by major airlines and even the navy. The CRM training program encompasses many aspects of aviation safety such as situation awareness, task management and communication (Thomas, 2004). The 5th generation CRM programs can be viewed as a tool to effectively manage errors. CRM combats errors in three ways: obviously, the first one is the avoidance of error; the second Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 10 one is the â€Å"suppression† of the error before it happens; and third, the mitigation of the effects of the errors should it not be avoided (Helmreich, Merritt Wilhelm, 1999). The focus of the 5th generation CRM is the normalization of errors – whether due to active or latent failures – and the development of strategies to manage these errors (Helmreich, Merritt Wilhelm, 1999). Although CRM programs focus on human errors and its effects on aviation safety, it is never entirely a behavioral training. After all, if you recall, a â€Å"productive system† is an interaction of human and technological factors. Therefore, CRM is not to be taken as a stand-alone program. It is meant to be incorporated to technical trainings where the crew has to be adept in the operation of modern aviation technology and at the same time has to learn non-technical skills such as effective communication, coordination and teamwork. Despite the fact that intervention programs like the CRM has been introduced and conducted for crews in major and regional airlines for the two decades, the percentage of CRM failures in aviation accidents remained relatively flat (Wiegmann Shappell, 2001). Although initial results of CRM programs have been found to be encouraging such that positive results were seen almost immediately after the conduction of the program, it was soon obvious that such results were short-lived (Taneja, 2002). What could have happened that prevented such interventions to perform as expected? Helmreich Merritt (2000) offers an explanation at least for CRM. First, not everybody responds to CRM training. Some may have become less accepting of CRM after the training. Although attitudes do not necessarily define behavior, it has been a well-known maxim that those who reject a concept are more likely not to follow the principles that it imparts. (Helmreich, Merritt Wilhelm, 1999). Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 11 Culture – national, professional and organisational – is also a significant factor that determines the level of acceptance for a CRM concept (Helmreich Merritt, 2000). When CRM was introduced to other national cultures, it soon became evident that certain CRM concepts can either be readily accepted or rejected depending on the national culture. Cultures such as China and many Latin American countries that stress the importance of absolute power and authority of their leaders will necessarily be less receptive to the idea of subordinates questioning the decisions of their leaders, than cultures that are less hierarchical (Hofstede, 1980 as cited by Helmreich, Merrit Wilhelm, 1999). While CRM programs encourage subordinates to be more assertive in questioning their leaders, junior crew members in these cultures are quite disinclined to do this because of fear of showing disrespect. These same cultures are also collectivists who stress interdependenc and the necessity to work together for a common goal. In contrast, American and European cultures, which are highly individualistic, give more value to independence and more priority to individual goals. The value of teamwork and the need for coordination will most likely be readily accepted in the former than in the latter. There are also High Uncertainty Avoidance cultures like Greece, Korea and many Latin American countries that prefer CRM concepts already specifying required behaviors. Cultures that are low in Uncertainty Avoidance tend to be more flexible when it comes to behaviors but have difficulty adhering to standard operating procedures. Furthermore, this kind of culture, along with non-collectivist cultures are more questioning with regards to the usage of automation while High Uncertainty Avoidance and collectivist cultures accept the idea of automation usually without, or relatively less, questions. Intervention programs such as CRM should therefore not be patterned after a single national culture. From the discussion it can be seen above that autocratic cultures can also Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 12 value teamwork and interdependence than non-autocratic cultures (Helmreich, in press). Cultures exhibiting difficulty of adherence to SOPs may be more innovative when dealing with novel situations not covered by procedures. In contrast, cultures who stress strict adherence to rules may find it difficult to be more flexible in new situations. Although CRM programs require behavior modification, certain beliefs ingrained into a culture are quite difficult to modify. If CRM has to attain widespread global use, it has to design programs that are congruent to national culture and yet still enhances safety. Error management should therefore be embraced as a culture in itself. Focusing on threat and error management as goals, training programs should not aim for a total reversal of norms and beliefs but rather for a drawing out of positive behaviors without directly confronting national culture. Many professions, including aviation, have strong cultures and develop their own norms and values (Helmreich, in press). Each culture encompasses both positive and negative aspects. Aircrew for example has a high level of motivation and a strong sense of professional pride. The negative component, which is seen to be universal, is the inability to admit vulnerability to stressors. Majority of pilots in almost all national cultures agree that their decision-making abilities are not hampered by personal problems and that it is as good in emergency situations as in normal situations. Furthermore, most of these pilots have indicated that they do not make errors even while under stress. This â€Å"macho† culture, when left uncorrected, can lead to risk taking, failure to coordinate with other crew members and error. Indeed, one focus of the 5th generation CRM program is to help pilots acknowledge that human error does occur and they are more vulnerable to it if they continue to deny the existence and effect of stressors. As stated earlier, the organisational culture determines the principle of the organisation towards safety. One reason why CRM does not deliver results when it should is Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 13 the organisational context on which the program was delivered (Helmreich Merritt, 2000). Organisations may have a highly evolved safety culture and possesses a positive outlook on safety. Such organisations will most likely benefit from CRM and other intervention strategies. Others react only to safety threats once they are looming while some organisations give perfunctory attention to safety issues without really embracing a safety culture that works towards a highly effective accident prevention program. The current process of investigating errors during accidents also contributes to the apparently limited success of intervention strategies. Most accident reporting systems are primarily technological and have been designed with little regard to human factors. Such systems are on their way to being perfected in terms of identifying mechanical failures but in itself is also a bit of a failure when it comes to assessment of human errors (Wiegmann Shappell, 2001). An examination of an accident investigation process may help drive down the point. When an accident due to mechanical failure happens, investigators examine objective and quantifiable information such as that obtained from the flight data recorder. The data is processed and the probable causes of the accident are recorded so that safety recommendations can be identified. After the investigation, the data obtained is entered into a database which can be periodically accessed to provide feedback to investigators. The information in the database can also be used by funding organizations to determine which researches to fund. As a result, intervention strategies are further developed to prevent mechanical failure from happening or mitigate consequences once they do happen (Helmreich Merritt, 2000). Either way, the number of accidents due to mechanical failures has been greatly reduced. Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 14 In contrast, investigations of accidents due to human errors produce results that are not tangible and are difficult to quantify. And because the studies of human factors came later than studies of mechanical failures, investigative techniques used in human error analysis are less refined than those used to assess engineering and design concerns. When these techniques are used to analyze accident data, the results are rarely very useful and safety issues cannot be readily addressed. Therefore any intervention strategy designed using this data is not assured of success. Taneja (2002) echoes this concern stating that human errors have been implicated in 70-80% of aircraft accidents demonstrating the very limited success of current intervention strategies and also proposes a solution: a holistic approach to intervention strategies. To date, most researches on human factors in aviation have focused on specific aspects of aircraft accident prevention. Sarter and Alexander (2000) have observed that current researches on human error focus mainly on three key aspects: the development of error classification schemes, the design of error-tolerant systems, and error prevention through improved design and additional training (as cited by Taneja, 2002). Because accident prevention is such a wide field of study, it is very possible that certain aspects have been missed out or overlooked. Error framework also abound as almost every human factor researcher comes up with his own error framework. With so many intervention strategies proposed by researchers and some even practiced in the industry, there have been inadequate attempts to integrate these strategies into a holistic solution. A holistic approach to intervention strategies involve looking at all the possible links to an aircraft accident in order to come up with an intervention that best fits an organisation. Basing on all the links, an organisation must assess in what area their weaknesses lie and determine if these need intervention. The intervention strategy to be used in a certain Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 15 organisation will therefore be customized according the weak links in the organisation’s system. The two links that are directly related to aviation accidents are the aircraft and the aircrew. Although accidents due to mechanical failures have been greatly reduced to advancement in technology, there needs to be constant assessment of the aircraft in general and the human factors affecting the man-machine interface in particular (Taneja, 2002). Intervention strategies that can be applied to aircrew can be divided into two broad categories: selection and training. Ever since the knowledge that human factors contribute to aviation accidents, the selection process have been amended such that the pilots are not chosen based on technical skill alone but more so on their ability to coordinate with fellow aircrew, recognize their own errors and be willing to work with others to deal with these errors. Once chosen, the pilot’s training will have a great impact on his proficiency and possibly, on his ability to avoid accidents. Possible interventions on these two main links can have a major influence on the number of accidents encountered by the organisation. The process of accident investigation, although a secondary link, should also be looked into in for possible intervention strategies. To date there is no benchmark as to the training and expertise a safety investigator must have. In order for a standardised level of investigation to be achieved, there needs to be a minimum with regards to the exposure an investigator must have. The investigative tools that the safety investigator uses could also be subject to an intervention. As discussed earlier, investigation techniques for human errors are inadequate at present and needs further researches in order the reach the level of refinement of evaluative techniques for mechanical failures. The kinds of human errors as discussed by Wiegmann and Shappell (2001) while developing HFACS, are also links that could be used to come up with more effective Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 16 intervention strategies. Furthermore, autopsy results during aircraft accidents, although unable to prevent future accidents, can be used to design intervention strategies that will make an aircraft accident more survivable. Upon carefully assessing the links just mentioned and determining the areas that need intervention, it is recognized that the success of any strategy ultimately depends on the Organisational Safety Culture (Taneja, 2002). Toft (1989) defined an organisation’s safety culture as â€Å"the set of norms, beliefs, attitudes and roles, social and technical practices that minimizes the exposure of the managers, employees and the general public to conditions considered dangerous or injurious† (as cited by Taneja, 2002). Discussed in brief earlier, the way an organisation handles errors and error management strategies depend on its safety culture. A safety conscious organisation will not treat an accident as just another unavoidable circumstance but rather will focus its efforts in preventing future accidents from happening. A careful investigation that searches for the possible factors leading to the occurrence of the accident will be performed. Ideally, an organisation with a highly effective safety culture will aim to plug the hole in the Swiss cheese model before another opportunity for a catastrophe will be created (Reason, 1990 as cited by Taneja, 2002). Even organisations that have a sound safety culture however can still be plagued by errors caused by human limitations such as fatigue, severe workloads, inadequate training, poorly-maintained equipment and errors caused by the air traffic control which would consequently affect the aircrew and the organisation. Even if the organisation has tried to remove every conceivable active and latent failure, chance errors can still take place (Heimrich Merritt, 2000). But every organisation is bound to have a loophole. Thus, constant monitoring of all aspects in the organisation , whether directly related to safety or not, is essential. Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 17 Because errors can arise from a variety of sources, any single intervention strategy, such as the CRM must not be taken as a panacea for eliminating error. CRM is only a tool that organisations use to perform error management. All intervention strategies have its limitation – the effects it will have on an organisation depends on the national culture, the strengths and weaknesses of the professional culture, and the organisational safety culture. Furthermore, the way the people at the frontline perceive the intervention strategy will affect the outcome of such a strategy. In summary, the study of human factors affecting aircraft accidents has fostered an abundance of researches in this field. With the conception of CRM almost three decades ago, numerous error frameworks and intervention strategies have been proposed and used. Unfortunately, such a plethora of studies have not created a significant reduction on human error-related aircraft accidents. Presumably because it is still a relatively young field, the researches need more focus and the intervention strategies need more refinement. Intervention strategies have to address differences in national, professional and organisational culture. It is also important that intervention strategies be customized to a certain organisation to ensure a greater amount of success. With the continuous development and improvement of researches in this field, there will bound to be a breakthrough in time, and the success that has long been sought will finally be at hand. Human Factors in Aviation 18. References Helmreich, R. L. (in press). Culture, threat and error: Assessing system safety. In Safety in Aviation: The Management Commitment: Proceedings of a Conference. London: Royal Aeronautical Society.Retrieved October 2, 2007 from http://homepage. psy. utexas. edu/HomePage/Group/HelmreichLAB/Publications/pubfiles/Pub257. pdf. Helmreich, R. L. Merritt, A. C. (2000). Safety and error management. The role of Crew Resource Management. In B. J. Hayward and A. R. Lowe (Eds. ), Aviation Resource Management. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. 107-119. Helmreich, R. L. Merritt, A. C. Wilhelm, J. A. (1999). The evolution of Crew Resource Management training in commercial aviation. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 9(1):19-32. Reason, J. (2000). Human error: Models and management. BMJ, 320(7237): 768-770. Sexton, J. , Thomas, E. J. Helmreich, R. L. (2000). Error, stress and teamwork in medicine and aviation: cross sectional surveys. BMJ, 320:745-749. Taneja, N. (2002). Human factors in aircraft accidents: A holistic approach to intervention strategies. Retrieved October 1, 2007 from www. humanfactors. uiuc. edu/ReportsPapersPDFs/humfac02/tanejahf02. pdf. Thomas, M. J. W. (2004). Error management training: Defining best practice. ATSB Aviation Safety Research Grant Scheme Project 2004/0050. Retrieved October 1, 2007 from www. atsb. gov. au/publications/2004/pdf/error_management_training_best_practice. pdf. Wiegmann, D. A. Shappell, S. A. (2003). A human error approach to aviation accident analysis. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 19 Wiegmann, D. A. Shappell, S. A. (2001 February). A human error analysis of commercial aviation accidents using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System [HFACS]. Office of Aviation Medicine. Retrieved October 2, 2007 from www. hf. faa. gov/docs/508/docs/cami/0103. pdf.

Culture Art and Technology Essay Example for Free

Culture Art and Technology Essay Among figures of religion, Mahatma Gandhi, Mohammed, and Siddhartha Gautama are some of the prominent individuals who have shared before the world their religious experiences with respect to their own religion. Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism have all received a great amount of fundamental advancement from the ideas and actions of these important individuals. Not only did they help shape the very religion they are attached to—they established it like no other. Yet even though their beliefs and characters are particularly unique from one another being human examples of the tradition in which they are a part of, they still hold one common strand—they all had religious experiences that were influenced by their family ties, geographical location and cultural background to name a few. Through the course of the years, history tells us that the raids later evolved into a struggle motivated by religious grounding— believers against non-believers. This indicates the idea that the spiritual experiences and conquests of Mohammed hold a central position in defining the religious practices of Muslims. While Gandhi espouses peaceful and non-violent methods in attaining the causes of Hinduism, Mohammed and Islam’s concept of jihad adopts the idea that religion itself can be the primary reason for engaging in violent measures in order to further the goal of Islam. Nevertheless, the fact remains that Mohammed’s role in the development of Islam as an established religion in many countries separated by geographical boundaries is crucial inasmuch as it cannot be denied. The same holds true for Siddhartha Gautama whose reputation in the religion of Buddhism is greatly acknowledged as essential both by believers and academic scholars. As Herman Hesse suggests, Siddhartha espouses the idea that, for one to know one’s quest in life, it is imperative to find the source from within and not from without, like a â€Å"flowing river† that attracts â€Å"a deep love for this flowing water† (Hesse 100). Introspection, or an inner contemplation, is one of the main precepts being pushed forward by Siddhartha which further suggests the idea that each individual must take time to isolate one’s self from others in order to be able to focus and to introspect. This idea can be rooted from one of Siddhartha’s life-transforming moments. The religious experience of Siddhartha began after his encounter with a sick man, a poor man, a beggar and a corpse that revealed unto him the idea that humanity is filled with sorrow brought about by the sufferings in life . Being isolated away from the outside world after being confined within his home for almost the entire duration of his early years, Siddhartha began to realize the deeper side of life after the experience. He decided to leave behind his previous lifestyle and pursued, instead, a life of intense asceticism. However, Siddhartha realized that to live one’s life is to neither live in excessive abundance of wealth and material possessions nor in extreme plainness after overhearing a teacher discussing music. In the end, he pursed the Middle Way, or the way of life that takes the middle path instead of the extremes . These aspects hold the key to understanding the Buddhists’ primary religious experience which is significantly felt, at least in modern times, in the social context of teaching others the way of living life in the Middle Path through a life of internal contemplation or personal reflection. As Siddhartha dedicated his life to pursuing the Middle Path after his yogic meditations, followers of the Buddhist religion later on adopted this method as one of the cornerstones or identities of their group. This suggests the idea that the religious experience of Buddhists in general is strongly tied to a personal level as its most basic foundation. Manifested through yogic meditations, Buddhist monks of today incorporate in their daily lives these principles . Moreover, it can be observed that Islam calls for a life that is centered on Allah while Hinduism, as exemplified by the life of Gandhi, calls for a life that should be dedicated towards the lives of others . It is religious imperative in Islam that Muslims should direct their lives towards revering Allah in every thought and action and that, correspondingly, the religious experience of every Muslim should all the more reflect their strong attachment to Allah (Boyd 69). As Mohammed himself is the foremost Muslim who has been able to fully actualize this thought, it remained an integral part in the lives of the millions of Muslims all around the world. This incorporates the idea that the religious experience of a single individual—the prophet Mohammed—has greatly affected the succeeding generations that came to follow the same path. While Islam essentially requires the primordial importance of Allah, Hinduism has been closely attached to the sense that it is a religion that is centered on others. The same holds true for Buddhism although the religion reflects reverence to â€Å"the Awakened One† or Buddha and that Hinduism itself has its own versions of celestial entities or â€Å"Devas† as well as the concept of â€Å"Brahman† which refers to the greater Self or God. These things constitute the belief that, although Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam have parallel ideas of higher beings or divine entities, it appears that Islamic treatment for a higher being supersedes those of the other two. This can be rooted out from the fact that the scriptures of Islam and its religious followers and believers put Allah above everything else while Hinduism and Buddhism, through their yogic meditations, allow or give due importance to the self as well. This is not to say that Islam as a religion does not give due importance to its believers. It only entails the idea that Islam treats man as a being that should be placed under Allah and that Hinduism and Buddhism illustrate a rather more salient consideration for the welfare of man. Mahatma Gandhi, for example, showed his concern for others by teaching the poor exploited peasants in the region of Champaran in Bihar about the satyagraha, inquiring about their sufferings, educating them to fight for their rights and at the same time to carry out their obligations to the nation as a whole . Siddhartha, on the other hand, lived his forty-five years traveling along the country, finding sustenance on the alms given by other people after teaching the people the means that will liberate humanity from worldly sufferings . Moreover, one of the notable religious experiences of both Gandhi and Siddhartha is pegged on the idea that they both waged a â€Å"battle† in terms of forwarding their beliefs in the context of their religion. While Gandhi strived for peaceful measures—passive resistance, for example—in order to achieve his aim for a peaceful world with equality among religions and Siddhartha pushed his ideologies of liberating humanity from the worldly sufferings they experience through teaching them the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, Mohammed took a rather different approach. The fact that Mohammed engaged in jihad or in battles through the â€Å"sword† reveals the idea that Mohammed will take up arms in defending the religion against aggressors or in forwarding Islamic tenets. Thus, it can be argued that the religious experience of Mohammed, or at least the part in which he waged battles in his religious life, is distinctively different from those of Gandhi and Siddhartha. The differences in the religious experiences among the three can be largely seen on their corresponding actions and exploits during their existence and the resulting consequences it created on their religions. This also affects these religions view on disasters. Jihad is indubitably a central part of Islam; Yogic meditations play a significant role in Buddhism and Hinduism with former embracing the Middle Path and the latter guiding the lives of its believers through its sacred texts. The Qur’an greatly emphasizes the idea that Allah should be above everything else; Hinduism seeks to treat everyone and every other religion their due recognition in the sense that to each is his own truth or, at the most, God; and Buddhism’s goal is to free human beings from suffering and the cycle of rebirth and make them know the â€Å"truth†. Conclusion The religious experiences of Mahatma Gandhi, Siddhartha Gautama, and Mohammed all have a great bearing on the religions they belong to. These individuals have a large sum of contributions not only to the expansion of the reaches of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam but on the very central precepts of these religions. Although each of them has their own specific religious experiences and beliefs, and that while it may be true that each of them forwards distinctive approaches in meeting their religious goals, they all nevertheless share the parallel idea that religion is a significant section of their lives. In essence, however, their respective cultural background, geographical location, and family ties among many others have strongly shaped their religious experiences which, as a consequence, influenced their religion. Above all these, by comparing and contrasting the lives of Mohammed, Siddhartha and Gandhi, one is able to better understand some of the main—and oftentimes subtle—differences between these religions view on disasters in life. References: Aly, A. The Life of the Prophet Muhammad. 1999. (October 3, 1999): ATT Knowledge Ventures. April 2008. http://home. att. net/~a. f. aly/muhammad. htm. Borman, William. Life, the Chief Value: Wrong Aims and Methods, and False Views. Boyd, Stephen Blake. Malcolm Xs Religious Pilgrimage: From Black Separatism to a Universal Way. Redeeming Men: Religion and Masculinities. Ed. Stephen Blake Boyd. Louisville, Ky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996. 69. Gandhi and Non-Violence. Albany, N. Y. : State University of New York Press, 1986. 200. Gandhi, Mahatma. An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth. Long Island, N. Y. : Buccaneer Books Inc, 2007. Hesse, Hermann. Siddhartha. New York: Bantam Classics, 1981. Levine, Marvin. The Story of Siddhartha. The Positive Psychology of Buddhism and Yoga: Paths to a Mature Happiness: With a Special Application to Handling Anger. Mahwah, N. J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. , 2000. 12. Life of Siddhartha Gautama. 2002. Human Ecology. April 2008. http://199. 33. 141. 196/courses/idm2002/leung/rootbiography/pages/Life/lifemain. html. Mahatma Gandhi: His Life in Pictures. New Delhi: The Central Electric Press, 1954. Neusner, Jacob, and Tamara Sonn. Jihad (Islam). Comparing Religions through Law: Judaism and Islam. New York: Routledge, 2002. 203. Some Thoughts on the Power of Focused, Principled Hatred. Imperial Hubris: Why the West Is Losing the War on Terror. Washington, D. C. : Brasseys Books, 2004. 6. Swenson, Don. The Dilemma of Delimitation: The Study of Ethos. Society, Spirituality, and the Sacred: A Social Scientific Introduction. Peterborough, Ont. , Canada: New York Broadview Press, 1999. 255. Yob, Iris M. Growing up Buddhist. Keys to Interfaith Parenting. Hauppauge, N. Y. : Barrons, 1998. 79.

Current Trends Of Information Technology

Current Trends Of Information Technology EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report has been produced to examine the current trends of information technology with regard to understand the products and services the market is offering and changes in the industry. IT infrastructure generally important in all organizations, whereas the changing of the market is fast, therefore companies and organizations need to be updated to keep pace with the changes. Besides that, issues and challenges that an organization face couldnt be neglect which it may be the major problem for decision making. As an emerging technology and business paradigm, cloud computing has taken commercial computing by storm. To avoid elimination and stay competitive, basically cost or money will plays the most important role in an organization. Keep track with the updated hardware and software will always affected an organizations budget, the change is fast and its costly. Money is the main obstruct. Understanding a technical area as complex as cloud computing is not easy and requires identifying its fundamental characteristics. Clear concepts and terminology into cloud computing help but do not entirely solve the problem of how to design, develop and adopt a cloud computing system. The latest trend of IT world is cloud computing, which allows user of an organization to download software from the web. It generally saves a lot of money from purchasing new software. This report examine and investigate what is cloud computing about and what is the benefits of owning cloud computing services. To own the service we need to know what the service is about, and also understand how the service or system works. Cloud computing platforms provide easy access to a companys high performance computing and storage infrastructure through web services. It is a new method that shares basic framework. The basic principles of cloud computing is to make the computing be assigned in a great number of distributed computers, rather than local computer or remoter server. The running of the enterprises data center is just like Internet. This makes the enterprise use the resource in the application that is needed, and access computer and storage system according to the requirement. Cloud computing comes into the market is for every user convenient. But of course there are still a lot of matters need to be take care of like, the budget and size of company, whether is suitable to use cloud computing. Even though cloud computing is beneficial but will also examine the companys need of the service. Information moves with incredible speed across and between networks and the cloud, making sensitive information challenging to track and locate. And with an IT infrastructure that is virtual and shared via the cloud, organisations must learn new ways to throw light on to risks, threats and compliance performance. This report introduces the background and principle of cloud computing, the character, style and actuality. This report also introduces the application field of cloud computing, such as, it do not need users high level equipment, so it reduces the users cost. It provides secure and dependable data storage center. It can realize data share through different equipments and puts forward some solutions, and discusses the future of cloud computing. Cloud computing is a computing style that provides power referenced with IT as a service. Users can enjoy the service even he knows nothing about the technology of cloud computing and the professional knowledge in this field and the power to control it. TABLE OF CONTENT Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 INTRODUCTION 5 IT INFRASTRUCTURE ECOSYSTEM 6 2.1 IT INFRASTRUCTURES 6 2.2 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 7 CLOUD COMPUTING 8 3.1 CLOUD COMPUTING CURRENT TRENDS 8 3.2 CLOUD COUMPTING SOLUTION 8 3.3BENEFITS AND COSTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING 9 COMPETITIVE FORCE FOR IT INFRASTRUCTURE 9 4.1 IT INFRASTRUCTURE 10 4.2 STRATEGY FOR CLOUD COMPUTING 10 CONCLUSION 11 REFERENCES 12 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1- JOURNAL 14 1. Introduction Petaling Tin Berhad is a progressive property development and investment group listed on the Main Market Of bursa Malaysia, with major ongoing development projects and exclusive land banks in the Klang Valley hub and parts of Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and future high-end resort themed development at Karambunai, Sabah. The group had proven track records in master-planned residential communities, commercial township center and industrial developments for discerning businesses (Petaling Tin Berhad 2010). At Petaling Tin Berhad, we continue to strengthen our core in property development, whilst diversifying into property related businesses such as property investment, management and construction. Today, Petaling Tin Berhad had net assets worth in excess of RM350 million. The Groups continuing strategies include:- Building on a solid foundation of assets by making informed and strategic decisions. Pursuing innovative property products by responding to changes/evolution in needs of consumers. Continuous relationships with our customers, business partners, investors, agencies and communities. The group has few listed companies under the banner and more than ten subsidiaries. Every single company is allocated with different area of responsibility, either in property development or investment. For Karambunai, with cost of RM3 billion eco-nature resort at Nexus Karambunai, Sabah is the next upcoming mega project. The Government will allocate RM100 million to support the tourism industry. With lots of project coming and subsidiaries located separately, groups employees rely on the Internet either to communicate or share updated information. The Malaysian Government initiations via the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) coupled with continued implementations of stimulus packagers augur well for the country, brought with it major property development plains particular within Greater KL, certain indentified infrastructure and tourism projects. The property sector shall continue resilient, moving forward barring unforeseen circumstances, the Group continues to focus of its core business of property development, and shall endeavour to roll-out future planned developments to generate higher sustainable revenue, with continuing effort to optimize the Groups performance. The group currently focuses its commitment contributions along the core themes and concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). As a responsible property developer, the Group adopts and promotes Green Environment approaches and practices in all its property development activities. The Group works closely with its business associates and partners, with emphasis placed on using resources efficiently and effectively whilst adopting environmental best practices whenever possible. Providing a safe, secure, healthy and conductive workplace for employees is a continuous feature of the Groups CSR practice as we recognized the importance of our human resources and work force and their contribution. For the financial year, the Group recorded a higher turnover of RM19.4 million as compared to previous year and also recorded a higher loss before tax. The higher pre-tax loss for the year was mainly due to the write back of profit from the property subsidiary company, mitigated by net gains from changes in fair values of investment properties of the Group. 2. IT Infrastructure Ecosystem 2.1 IT Infrastructures 2.1.1 Internet Platforms Linux is the Internet hardware server at the moment for our group. Internet platforms overlap with, and must relate to, the firms general networking infrastructure and hardware and software platforms (Laudon Laudon 2010). 2.1.2 Computer Hardware Platforms In 2008, U.S. firms spend about $150 billion on computer hardware. This component includes client machines and server machines. The server market is complex. Our group is using HP and IBM, which are the top firms in the market that concentrated in. 2.1.3 Operating Systems Platforms At the client level, 95% of PCs in the world use Microsoft Windows operating system to manage the resources and activities of the computer and our group is one in the category. We are also comprised with Linux as our secondary operating system, which is inexpensive and reliable. 2.1.4 Enterprise Software Applications In our group, software for enterprise application is treated as components of IT infrastructure. The software we are using calls IFCA, its platform one of Malaysias top developers software to fully automate operation. IFCA is paid licensed software that requires renew every year, it is a generally use to update the company whole projects. 2.1.5 Networking/Telecommunications Windows Server is predominantly used as local area network operating system, followed by Linux and Unix. Many local area networks, as well as wide area enterprise networks, use TCP/IP protocol suite as standard. In Malaysia, generally network uses TM. TM is the largest telecommunications service company that offer voice and data connectivity, wide area networking and Internet access. 2.1.6 Consultants and System Integrators Software integration means ensuring the new infrastructure works with the firms older, so-called legacy systems and ensuring the new elements of infrastructure work with one another. This is not necessary for the group while its costly. 2.1.7 Data Management and Storage There are few choices for enterprise database management software, which is responsible for organizing and managing date so that it can be efficiently accessed and used. We are engage with SQL Server by Microsoft, which is one of the leading database software providers. 2.2 Issues and Challenges The biggest challenges for IT professionals are applications, integration, financial and cultural (Kennedy 2009). Even though we have well maintain and established infrastructures for the group but there are still some issues we need to emphasize on like security, connection problems, management cost control, employees knowledge and training, updated hardware and software, data storage and documentation. 2.2.1 The Application Challenges Keeping up with all of the latest technology that is released on a constant basis is another problem. Therefore current applications somehow is not the best, for example connection problem and security issue in Malaysia still need long way to improve on it, sometimes the latest offer in the market might not get upon expectation. 2.2.2 The Integration Challenges Consolidating and integrating multiple finance data warehouses into a single, unified data warehouse is something IT still struggles with. We are property development company, there are too many documentation and process either among external like lawyer firm and banker, or within internal between finance, project and marketing department. Therefore IT department need to ensure everything is going smooth to avoid any hesitation. 2.2.3 The Financial Challenges Financially tight for IT budget is difficult in maintaining information infrastructure under the current budget pressures. Doing more with less continues to be a priority, or as one participant put a fine point on it, getting more results with a big budget reduction. Moreover, these increased expectations are coupled with the reality of lower IT budgets. Providing more service for less money will be a reality well all have to deal with. 2.2.4 The Cultural Challenges Cultural difference play important role in an organization, religious differences and age differences will also play a greater role. However, using them to our advantage will be the challenge. Other than that, implementing change, keeping up with new developments are challenges for the group as well while the products in IT market is changing in a fast pace. Especially giving employees training for new information is not easy task whey they are already get use with the current hardware or software. Thomas C. Staab outlined challenges facing Information Technology leaders in the years to come; he sees challenges based upon the experience and insight hes gained and other technology leaders around the globe (Rosberg 2008). 3. Cloud Computing Cloud computing refers to a model of computing where firms and individuals obtain computing power and software applications over the internet, rather than purchasing their own hardware and software (Laudon Laudon 2010). The cloud computing service model involves the provision, by a service provider, of large pools of high performance computing resources and high-capacity storage devices that are shared among end users as required (Vaquero 2009). The service providers offering may also extend to the software applications required by the end user. Cloud service model requires a high-speed network to provide connection between the end user and the service providers infrastructure. Cloud computing potentially offers an overall financial benefit, in that end users share a large, centrally managed pool of storage and computing resources, rather than owning and managing their own systems (Kondo 2009). The end user in turn sees convenience benefits from having data and services available from any location, from having data backups centrally managed, from the availability of increased capacity when needed, and from usage-based charging (Weiss 2007 Hayes 2008). 3.1 Cloud Computing Current Trends Datapipe, a provider of managed services and infrastructure for IT and cloud computing, is predicting that 2011 will be the year when industry giants from across the spectrum-including major financial institutions, pharmaceuticals and retailers-will migrate major internal and external IT systems to the cloud. (Sowinski 2010). Amazon was first to use a cloud-computing model for their business and now is the leader in providing cloud services to other businesses. Entrepreneurs are exploiting Amazons Web services, Microsofts Windows Azure hosting platform and other cloud services in order to start up companies because of the zero capital equipment requirements. Payment is by credit card and you pay as you go (Bell 2011), examples like iTunes, Dropbox, Salesforce.com and HealthVault; which lets you store and share your medical information. The idea of cloud computing is to make all the information and services run in data centers around the world available via the Web. These new approaches come along roughly every decade and promise to make computers cheaper and more accessible. 3.2 Cloud Computing Solution A number of organizations are already hosting and/or offering cloud computing services. Examples include Google Docs, Amazons Elastic Compute Cloud and Simple Storage services, Microsofts Windows Azure Platform, IBMs Smart Business Services, Salesforce.com, and WebEx (Baliga 2011). Amazon is on the Internet the biggest online retail merchant, everyday is bearing the massive network transaction, and simultaneously Amazon also provides the cloud computing service platform for the independent software development personnel as well as the developer. Amazon calculates theirs cloud the platform to be called elastic compute cloud (EC2), is most early provides the long distance cloud to calculate the platform service the company. Amazon own elastic computation cloud establishment in the platform which the company interior large-scale colony calculates, but the user may operate through the elastic computation cloud network contact surface in the cloud calculates each instance. Amazon elastic compute cloud comes by the named Amazon Web services existing platform development. Amazon Web Services mainly is composed by 4 core services: Simple Storage Service; Elastic Compute Cloud; Simple Queuing Service as well as still occupied at present test stage SimpleDB (Zhang 2010). 3.3 Benefits and Costs of Cloud Computing Cloud services will ultimately save organizations money; cloud services are succeeding in delivering key benefits to the supply chain in the long run. In the cost modelling of cloud services, to offset the initial cost of acquisition of cloud services against existing system licensing and asset costs they will no longer have to pay (Shacklett 2010). Cloud services are less expensive solutions than internal systems, moreover the best solutions for what a given business is striving to achieve in a given business scenario. Cloud computing also allows users to automatically store and back up data without the risk of losing the information in a server crash. It provides organisations with sufficient control over cloud security and compliance to adapt to any type of workload, even mission-critical ones. And giving IT teams the ability to directly inspect and monitor conditions in private, public, or hybrid clouds so they can base their trust on first-hand observations, not just outside Attestations (Patterson 2011). Cloud allows organization to move away from managing their own data centers to focusing their attention and their resources-financial and human-on their core competencies. Cloud is enabling businesses to respond much more effectively to changes in demand. Cloud networks are evolving, linking organizations through complex, multiparty processes into single, virtual organizations (Giniat 2011). Cloud computing do not need high quality equipment for user, and it is easy to use. Cloud computing provides dependable and secure data storage center to avoid data loss or virus problems (Chen 2010). User saved the equipment and maintenance cost with the integrity virtual machine movement controls by user. 4. Competitive Forces Model for IT Infrastructure There has been a growing trend to use off-site infrastructure resources to manage the company IT needs. This has opened up a number of options for large and small companies because it allows them to quickly scale their infrastructure to meet their changing needs, adopt new technology as it comes available, and control all the expenditures related to the IT department (Dell 2011). Cloud computing companies are making it possible to be more efficient, flexible, and cost effective than ever before, it is a very safe, secure way to store data and manage various applications. Cloud services will help organizations enter the age of utility computing in an incremental manner (Hurwitz 2010). 4.1 IT Infrastructure Infrastructure as a service allows us to pay for the things we need. We wont be spending money on physical servers or storage space and wont have to make new technology purchases based on the possibility of growth. We will be able move faster when our IT infrastructure is scalable and flexible by keep up with the recent changes of new technology. This is good from our standpoint, we have no desire to buy and maintain lots of hardware and software. If we can let someone else look after the basic technology, we can more focus on future development. With cloud computing, we have come full circle: the efficiencies of a centralized computing infrastructure that can be easily accessed via the Internet are just too compelling to ignore. Our group doesnt own any servers, with everything else off in a cloud, and we only have the basic productivity software on our personal computers. Recently Google joined with IBM to promote cloud computing, the idea of cloud computing its sufficiently compelling that in large measure it already exists (Weber 2008). We use Google, for search and for analytics and for document sharing, among other things. We are established developer in the industry for more than few decades; we should upgrade our IT infrastructure to be more competitive in the market. Especially over the years, we have too many documents to sort out, but to list systematically is difficult. Lots of burden will be reducing if with the assistance of cloud service. Furthermore it can simplify the documentations between us with lawyer and banker. We can retrieve and trace every document from the web rather than waiting dispatch to send or collect, or need to search the document in the storage room. And also can download s oftware from the web anytime without any hassle while waiting for IT personnel. 4.2 Strategy for Cloud Computing The first type of resources is infrastructure resources, which include computing power, storage, and machine provisioning. For example, Amazon EC2 provides web service interface to easily request and configure capacity online. Xdrive Box service provides online storage to users. Microsoft SkyDrive provides free storage service, with an integrated offline and online model that keeps privacy related files on hard drives, and enables people to access those files remotely (Zhang Zhou 2009). Infrastructure as a service refers to the sharing of hardware resources for executing services, typically using virtualization technology. With Infrastructure as a Service, potentially multiple users use existing resources. In Platform as a Service, the offering includes software execution environment, such as application server. In the Software as a Service, complete applications are hosted on the Internet so that e.g. your word processing software isnt installed locally on your PC anymore but runs on a server in the network and is accessed through a web browser (Ohlman 2009). Through storage as a service, users can outsource their data storage requirements to the cloud (Buyya 2008). All processing is performed on the users PC, which may have only a solid state drive, and the users primary data storage is in the cloud. Data files may include documents, photographs, or videos. Files stored in the cloud can be accessed from any computer with an Internet connection at any time (Kondo 2009). In addition, after a user uploads a file to the cloud, the user can grant read and/or modification privileges to other users. One example of storage as a service is the Amazon Simple Storage service. Conclusion Infrastructure management is becoming more important in a dynamic business environment, the right business infrastructure can help optimize IT efficiency, minimize costs, and help organization respond quickly to industry changes. Why we need cloud computing? It is to utilize the vacant resources of computer, increase the economic efficiency through improving utilization rate, and decrease the equipment energy consumption. Among the many IT giants driven by trends in cloud computing has not doubtful. It gives almost everyone has brought good news. For enterprises, cloud computing is worthy of consideration and try to build business systems as a way for businesses in this way can undoubtedly bring about lower costs, higher profits and more choice; for large scale industry, After the financial turmoil will be the cost of infrastructure for large-scale compression seems likely; developers, when in the face of cloud computing, can effectively improve own capacity, cloud computing will bring a revolutionary change in the Internet. Cloud computing announced a low-cost super-computing services to provide the possibility, while there are a large number of manufacturers behind, there is no doubt that cloud computing has a bright future. Certainly, there are many of challenges we need to face, or continue to face, in the unknown coming days. And as we face these challenges proactively, with open minds, and by embracing change, working these things to our advantage, the opportunities well find will ultimately result in our success. If our group depend on someone else for the technology and that can limit our flexibility and creativity. In fact, the personal computer itself arose because the old model of business computing, in which companies had big mainframes and everyone connected to them via dumb terminals, was enormously frustrating for the people sitting at those dumb terminals. They could only do what they were authorized to do. They were dependent on the computer administrators to give them permission or fix problems. They had no way of staying up on the latest innovations. The personal computer was a rebellion against the tyranny of centralized computing operations. Security problem of the exposure to the web still resolve while the user will manage and monitor everything. Cloud computing will help the group save money in the long run, and to be more productive when documentations are done within a faster period. And also provide employees with a greater IT environment with always getting the most updated software in the market. With cloud computing, the aim is to hide the complexity of IT infrastructure management from its users. At the same time, cloud computing platforms provide massive scalability, reliability, high performance, and specifiable configurability. These capabilities are provided at relatively low costs compared to dedicated infrastructures. Cloud computing is making it possible to separate the process of building an infrastructure for service provisioning from the business of providing end user services. It will cut complexity, improve flexibility and make IT more strategic to business there is a misconception about the cloud that the Cloud is cheaper than traditional IT. References Baliga J., Ayre R.W.A., Hinton K. Tucker R.S. 2011, Green Cloud Computing: Balancing Energy in Processing, Storage, and Transport, Vol. 99, No. 1, January 2011, Proceedings of the IEEE. Bell G. 2011, Online 24/7: Life Logging Pioneer Clarifies the Future of Cloud Computing from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=cloud-computing-pioneer-bell Buyya R., Yeo C.S. Venugopal S. 2008, Market-oriented cloud computing: Vision, hype, and reality for delivering IT services as computing utilities, in Proc. 10th IEEE Int. Conf. High Performance Comput. Commun., Dalian, China, Sep. 2008, pp. 5-13 Chen X.B., Huo X.Z., Zhang S.F. 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